The action of enzymes Essay Example for Free

The action of enzymes Essay Enzymes are proteins that are chemicals that dissolve and break down food. They help speed up the rate of which food can be digested in our bodies. Without enzymes food will take forever to digest, but as they are highly specific catalysts that mean that they can break larger molecules faster then if they were not there at all. Although enzymes are very useful to our bodies they can become useless in extreme conditions as they become denatured, and lose the intricate structure so that they can no longer break down any substrates. Enzymes being catalysts mean that they dont get used up in the reaction and so can continue to break down any substrates. Enzymes break down substrates by using the lock and key theory. The lock and key theory is a simple way of describing how specific an enzyme is for a substrate. Just like a lock requires a specifically shaped key for it work so does an enzyme. Each enzyme has an active site, which is where the enzyme can bind to the substrate on which it can perform some chemical reaction. Because each enzyme performs a specific task on a substrate the active center of the enzyme can be considered to be the lock which requires a specific key or substrate to the function of breaking it down. Aim: To investigate how temperature can effect the rate of reaction between an enzyme and a substrate. Theory: My initial theory is that as the temperature reaches a certain level (optimum temperature) the rate of reaction will increase. As the enzyme reaches its optimum level the rate of reaction will increase causing there to be less trypsin present. The purpose of a catalyst is to make a reaction work without getting used up in the process. If there is no catalyst then any substrates such as glucose or sucrose can ever be digested. Prediction: My prediction is that as the temperature reaches roughly 40i c that the reaction rate will become quicker. I am saying this because the optimum level of the enzyme is roughly 40i c, anything above 45i c and the enzyme will start to denature and not work properly causing the rate of reaction to decrease. Also if the temperature is below 40i c then the enzyme will work too slow due to temperature. I also think that the rate of reaction will increase because of the collision theory. The collision theory is based on the fact that when the temperature reaches 40i c (optimum level) the Enzymes and substrates will be moving faster meaning that there will be more successful chemical reactions between them. More successful chemical reactions happen because there is enough energy in the chemical reaction to break bonds. This means that there will be more substrates to break down per second, which means there will be more successful substrates being broken down per second, so the rate of reaction will increase. I also predict that the rate of reaction will double after every 10i c. the reason that I predict this is because of the Q10 theory. I also predict that the doubling will stop at roughly 40i c. By using the Q10 theory it means that we are able to predict the results that we are going to get up to and including 40i c. As is clear from the graph below that the optimum level of an enzyme is roughly 40i c Preliminary Experiment: Temperature of test tube (i c) Time taken to turn into negative (s) Repeat. It took on the first repeat 150 seconds for the starch to turn into a negative at a temperature of 30i c. Then on the second repeat it took 300 seconds for the starch to turn into a negative at a temperature of 30i c. After we saw the difference of the readings we decided to write down the results in intervals of 10 seconds, rather than 30 seconds so as to make sure that our results are more accurate. Method:   Collect test tubes.   Collect enzyme trypsin.   Collect a syringe and milk. Collect tripod, Bunsen burner and heat proof mat.   Collect a stopwatch and thermometer.   Mark a dot on a piece of paper and put it under the test tube. Lower the test tube in the water at the temperature desired. Start the stopwatch when the trypsin and casein are in the test tube and at the right temperature. Stop the stopwatch when the solution goes clear and the dot is clearly visible.   Record the time it took in seconds for the solution to go clear.   Record the results gotten, into a table.   After recording the results repeat the experiment.   As I am taking readings from 0-70i c in steps of 10i c there will be 21 readings including the repeats and also another three readings for my controlled experiment including the repeats. The Clarity of the test tube will be determined by eye, due to lack of equipment. The stopwatch shall be stopped once the solution has reached its optimum clarity, this could be proved difficult due to the fact that the clarity of the test tube varies as you go up it. This means that our results may have some anomalies occurring in them, these anomalies may be caused by human error or other occurrences with in the experiment like the temperature not remaining constant. This means that our results may not be very accurate. Variables:   Temperature of solution. Constants:   Volume of solution. We will be keeping the same apparatus so as to keep it a fair test.   The pH of the test tube will be kept the same so as to make it a fair test. The concentration of both the substrate and enzyme will be kept the same.   The fact that we will not shake or stir the test-tube will be kept constant as this would make our results unreliable. Fair Test: The reason why we have a fair test is so to make the results as accurate as possible. The ways in which we shall keep it a fair test is to have 3 repetitions of each temperature. Also I shall clean out the apparatus used like the test tube and syringes so as to make sure that out results are not affected through contamination. Factor of rate of reaction: The factor that I have chosen to affect the rate of reaction of my experiment will be temperature. The reason for this is that it seems that there is less chance of human error making my results inaccurate. Safety During this experiment certain precautions must be made as we are dealing with water in excess of 70i C. The precautions taken were to wear safety goggles, so that our eyes can not get harmed or damaged as a result of a spillage.

The Significance of Dreams and Dreaming in A Midsummer Nights Dream b

The Significance of Dreams and Dreaming in A Midsummer Night's Dream by William Shakespeare In Pucks final speech of the play he says: â€Å"And this weak and idle theme No more yielding than a dream† It has been argued that Shakespeare structured the play around the notion of a 'dream.' Explore the significance of dreams and dreaming in the play, both as a theme and dramatic device. There are several definitions of a dream, although no one can really define a dream, it is what we make it. The first theory is that it is a mixture of images, accumulated from your thoughts or experiences, that happen whilst you are asleep. It could also be a fantasy you experience whilst your semi-conscious which you have no control over. It could also be simply wish fulfillment. All these definitions relate to the play as the fairy characters are fantasy, controlling the humans experiences and granting them their wish fulfillments. I think Shakespeare thought of the notion of a dream and from all these different ideas, ’dreamed’ up a story combining all of them, perhaps it was his wish fulfillment or came from a dream he once had. Puck’s ‘weak and idle theme’ is anything but, some cultures such as the Chinese believe you shouldn’t wake someone up whilst they are sleeping because their wondering soul would not have had time to reunite with their body, this relates to the play as all the characters appear to be wondering around in their sleep, not actually realizing they are asleep. The Elizabethan audience would expect all the images of magic, love and freedom from the name ‘Midsummer Nights Dream’ and would expect it to be a light hearted roma... ...king as if they were handmade using only plants. The fairies’ hair is all golden, long and full of ringlets underneath a headdress of flowers. Shakespeare managed to present ideas of dreaming brilliantly throughout the play. The lovers fell asleep in their dream, what do you dream when you fall asleep in a dream? Is dreaming reality, or reality dreaming? What does a blind person dream if they have seen nothing they wish for or want to aspire to? These questions are created from the play. This shows that Pucks final speech â€Å"and this weak and idle theme, no more yielding than a dream† is not a weak theme after all but something, if messed with can go very wrong or very right. This is illustrated by the mixing up of the love potions in Hoffman’s film, something so harmful as love can create so much sadness and pain.

The Symbiotic Relationships between Microbial Organisms and Plants

The Symbiotic Relationships between Microbial Organisms and Plants | With Concentrations in Rhizobium & A ; Mycorrhiza Introduction– There are many capturing microbic beings that spend a important part of their life rhythm shacking in the dirt profiles. These beings include roundworms, Protozoa, Fungis, bacteriums and different arthropods. Together they play critical functions in act uponing dirt features and keeping healthy dirt profiles. In our instance, we will be chiefly concentrating on Fungis and bacteriums. Fungi and bacteriums are really normally found inside the dirt and they have huge impact on dirt birthrate and works growing. It is instead challenging to analyze their interactions with workss and their single maps. The intent of this research paper is to derive a deeper comprehension of their perplexing relationship with workss ; and most significantly, to carry through my intense wonder of why such symbioses are so indispensable to the well-being of our assorted ecosystems and even for us worlds? Plant Foods– The three primary foods workss reliant to a great extent on are nitrogen, P, and K. Since we will be extensively analyzing the functions of bacteriums and Fungis, thereby we are more concerned with N and P. So so, why do workss necessitate those foods? Nitrogen is one of the indispensable chemical elements workss needed for growing and reproduction. It is a constituent of chlorophyll and thereby critical for photosynthesis. It is besides a major constituent of amino acids, the edifice blocks for proteins ; and without proteins, workss would shrivel and decease ( U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2015 ) . In add-on, some of the proteins act as structural units in works cells while others act as enzymes, doing possible many of the biochemical reactions on which life is based. Nitrogen is besides a constituent of energy-transfer compounds, such as adenosine triphosphate, known as ATP. ATP grants cells the ability to conserve and utilize energy released in metamorphosis. Nitrogen is besides a important constituent of nucleic acids such as Deoxyribonucleic Acid, known as Deoxyribonucleic acid, the familial stuff that allows cells to turn and reproduce. Phosphorous is another critical food both as portion of several cardinal works construction compounds and as a contact action in the transition of legion cardinal biochemical reactions in workss. Phosphorous is notably responsible for its function in capturing and change overing sun’s energy into utile works compounds. Like N, P is a critical constituent of DNA. It is a constituent of RNA, the compound that reads the DNA familial codification to construct proteins and other compounds indispensable for works construction, seed output and familial transportation. The construction of both DNA and RNA are linked together by P bonds. Another similar belongings that phosphorus portions with Nitrogen is that it is besides critical constituent of ATP. ATP signifiers during photosynthesis, and uses P within its construction, and it processes from the beginning of seedling growing through to the formation of grain and adulthood ( U.S Department of Agriculture, 2015 ) . Therefore, both N and phosphoric are indispensable elements needed for the general wellness and energy of all workss, they help to increase chaff and root strength, better flower formation and seed production and support plants’ development throughout their full life rhythm. Without neither N nor phosphoric, there would be no life on Earth as we know it. Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria Analysis –Rhizobium As mentioned above, N is an indispensable food for workss as it is portion of their nucleic acids and proteins. Nitrogen can be in many signifiers, such as Nitrogen Gas, Ammonia, Nitrate, Nitrite, Ammonium and Nitrous Oxide. Dinitrogen or N gas is really abundant and makes up 78 per centum of our ambiance. Unfortunately, workss are unable to utilize them straight because they lack the necessary enzymes to change over the gas into biologically utile signifiers. The job here is that N gas is non really reactive ; it will barely interact with other chemicals to make new compounds ( Brady & A ; Weil, 2010 ) . However, there is a manner to repair the unserviceable signifier through either chemical or biological procedures ; and the repair procedure itself is called nitrogen arrested development. The nitrogen arrested development procedures will interrupt down the ternary bond that held the N atoms together and liberate them up for transmutation. The atoms can so be integrated with other e lements to organize ammonium hydroxide, ammonium or N dioxides. Now we introduce the construct of biological N arrested development. It was foremost discovered by German agronomist Hermann Hellriegel and Dutch microbiologist Martinus Beijerinck. Biological N arrested development is the procedure of transition of atmospheric N into ammonium hydroxide by beings through an enzyme called nitrogenase ( Peters, Fisher & A ; Dean 1995 ) . Within the nitrogenase, there are two important protein composites that are responsible for the decrease of N gas, viz. Fe-protein & A ; MoFe-protein. The reductive reaction can be expressed by the equationN2 + 8H+ +8e- + 16 ATPi?2NH3 + H2 + 16ADP + 16Pi. Think of the Fe-protein composite as a power house and the MoFe-protein composite as a mill. A mill requires energy to bring forth merchandises, and that is when the power house stairss in to run into the demand. Fe-protein ( the power house ) receives elections ( energy ) from a flavedoxin ( an negatron reassigning protein, in this instance, think of it as a air curr ent turbine ) and transfers them further to the MoFe-protein ( the mill ) . The negatron transferring is made possible by the coincident hydrolysis of ATP to ADP & A ; Pi, where more energy is produced to back up the transit of negatrons. MoFe-protein so takes the negatrons, atmospheric N gas, and H converts them into ammonium hydroxide along with a remnant H molecule. It is of import to observe that enzymes within nitrogenase can be destroyed by free O molecules. Thereby, organisms that fix N must guarantee the enzymes do non acquire exposed to oxygen ( Brady & A ; Weil 2010 ) . The being that fix N are a type of dirt bacteriums and they are jointly called Rhizobium. In order to protect nitrogenase, they form this intricate symbiotic relationship with leguminous workss, such as soya beans. They begin by infecting the plants’ root hairs and the cortical cells ; it leads the formation of root nodules that serve as the safe oasis for nitrogen arrested development ( Long, 2004 ) . The procedure in which the nodules signifier is really absorbing. The plants’ root hairs release certain chemical signals to pull rhizobia bacteriums that are present in the dirt. Rhizobia enter the root and get down to proliferate and do an infection yarn to organize. The infection yarn will so turn into the cerebral mantle of the root. When the infection yarn has reached far plenty into the plants’ root, it will let go of bacterial cells, which become bacteroids in root cells. Nod factors from the bacteriums will do cortical cells to split and take to the eventual formation of nodules. It is curiously interesting that the plants’ immune system is digesting the infection ; alternatively of killing the bacteroids, they keep them within their cells. When Rhizobium are inside the nodules, they do non hold to cover with free O molecules and now can safely utilize nitrogenase to cut down atmospheric N to ammonium hydroxide. Through this symbiotic relationship, the host workss gain benefits from utilizing an eternal beginning of N from the ambiance that are now in a more biological useable signifier. In return, rhizobia receive saccharides generated through photosynthesis for energy ( since it takes energy to execute the transition ) , every bit good as a protected shelter in which for them to populate and turn ( Brady & A ; Weil, 2010 ) . Plants are now able to use the ammonium hydroxide ensuing from bacterial N arrested development for growing. The compound is transported into works tissues and is so incorporated into aminic acids, which are so made into works pr oteins. For cases, soya beans and peanuts produced by leguminous plant workss contain extraordinary high degrees of protein and are among the most of import agricultural beginnings of protein in the universe. The curious mutualism between legume workss and Rhizobium illustrate the manner they help to prolong each other’s lives. Consequently, it is besides assisting us worlds to prolong our lives. In fact, our well-being is to a great extent dependent upon this important and yet low-cost beginning of protein. We consume them as portion of our basic diet and we use them as animate being provenders. Farmers, they take the advantage of this mutualism and utilize it to fertilise their harvest land through harvest rotary motion – for case, they use soya beans and other leguminous plant workss in rotary motions with grass harvests such as maize or wheat to straight shoot biological useable N back to the dirt ( U.S. Department of Agriculture’s, 2015 ) . Nitrogen arrested development procedure besides at the same time contributes to dirty birthrate because the works roots leaves behind some of the biologically available N. Rhizobium is a natural and environmentally friendly ma nner to fertilise workss as oppose to chemical fertilisation that use a non-renewable resources, such as natural gas. Taken together, who would hold of all time thought that such elusive relationship between workss and bacteriums can hold such an tremendous consequence on all the species’ endurance. Alimentary Delivering Fungi Analysis – Mycorrhiza As antecedently stated, phosphoric is one the most indispensable foods for many life beings, particularly for workss. Plants must utilize phosphoric for normal growing and adulthood. The component plays a immense function in photosynthesis, energy storage and transportation, cell division and many of import procedures in workss. Without phosphoric, a works would non even be able to finish its normal production rhythm. Soil phosphoric is classified into two groups, organic and inorganic. Organic phosphoric can be found in works residues and manures. Inorganic P consists of apatite ( a group of phosphate minerals and original beginning of all phosphoric ) and composites of Fe and aluminium phosphates and P absorbed onto clay atoms. The job associated with phosphoric and its relevant compounds are their solubility. The solubility of both organic and inorganic P is highly low and merely a really little fraction of dirt P is present in solution at any one clip. To give a position, most dirts contain less than a lb per acre of soluble P and with some dirt incorporating even less ( Ingham, Trofymow, & A ; Coleman, 1985 ) . Since there will be really small P in dirt solution and most of them being stuck onto clay atoms due to molecular attractive forces, it would be rather hard for workss to seek for and intake P. However, merely because workss themselves are unable to obtain the foods they need, it does non intend they can non inquire for aid from other being ; for cases, mycorrhizal Fungis. First and first, it is of import to understand what Fungi are and how do mycorrhizal fungi differentiate themselves from their sort. Fungi are primary beings that can non synthesise their ain nutrient and are really dependent on complex organic substances for C. There are three functional groups of Fungis, decomposers, pathogens, and mutualists. First, we have decomposers or saprophytic Fungis ; they are an of import portion of our ecosystems and play a necessary function in immobilising and retaining foods in the dirt by devouring foods in organic affair. They are capable of degrading cellulose, proteins and lignin, some of which are extremely immune to breakdown ( Smith & A ; Read, 2008 ) . They can change over dead organic affair into their ain fungous organic structures, C dioxide and organic acids. They are besides indispensable for the decomposition of difficult woody organic affair. Through decomposition, they help to supply a fresh beginning of indispensable foods for new coevalss of life. Second, we have infective Fungis, such as Verticillium, Phytophthora and Pythium ; they are really rather damaging to the wellness of workss. Those beings will perforate the works and break up the life tissue, doing the works to be weakened and alimentary deficient or even decease ( Smith & A ; Read, 2008 ) . Last, we have mutualistic Fungis that form reciprocally good relationships with workss. Mycorrhizal Fungis are possibly the most well-known amongst mutualists. There are four groups of mycorrhizal Fungis, arbuscular, ectomycorrhizal, ericoid and orchid ( Smith & A ; Read, 2008 ) . Our chief focal point will be on arbuscular mycorrhizae, they are the most common signifier of mycorrhiza, particularly in agricultural works associations. This fungus has arbuscules which are growing formed inside the works root and have many little projections traveling inside the plants’ cells. Arbuscules are believed to be the major site where the C and alimentary exchange between works and fungus occurs. It is named so due to their â€Å"tree-like† construction, arbuscules are created by perennial ramification of hyphae once they enter a cell within a works root. Fungus kingdoms are heterotrophic beings, intending they must absorb their nutrient. They have the capableness of absorbing elements such as P and N which are indispensable for life. Plants are autophytic ; they produce their ain nutrient in the signifier of saccharides through the procedure of photosynthesis. It is of import to observe that plants’ roots frequently have trouble obtaining and absorbing Ps due to the element’s stationariness and unsolvability inside the dirt. However, arbuscular mycorrhizae can assist workss to widen the volume of dirt explored through their hyphae. Mycorrhizal Fungis are characterized by those really thin hyphae, which are between 1 and 10 thousandths of a millimetre in breadth. Impressively, up to 5 metres of populating hyphae can be extracted from 1 gm of dirt. These hyphae explore the dirt expansively and intercept phosphoric compounds, it would so bring forth enzymes to solubilize P from inorganic stone, absorb the food, and transpo rt them back to the host-plant ( Baum & A ; Gruda 2012 ) . The hyphae would organize webs between neighbouring dirt atoms, between roots and dirt atoms or even between roots of different workss. And since they are arbuscular mycorrhizae, they besides form webs inside the roots they colonize. These intricate webs of hyphae are normally referred to as mycelium. In this instance, both workss and fungus depend on the symbiotic relationship to develop and last. At the terminal, they both benefit from each other. Mycorrhiza fungi usage mycelium to happen phosphoric and transport it back to the host works. In exchange, the Fungis receive saccharides as a signifier of payment for assisting the workss ( Brady & A ; Weil, 2010 ) . In add-on, mycorrhizal associations may besides assist to cut down onslaught from root pathogens through the secernment of bacteriums killing enzymes and antibiotics ( Lugtenberg & A ; Bennet, 1991 ) . It is undeniable that mycorrhizae play an huge function in sustainable works productiveness and care of dirt construction. Furthermore, it is estimated that about 90 % of all vascular land workss ( land workss that have lignified tissues, the xylem, for carry oning H2O and minerals throughout the works organic structure ) live in some association with mycorrhizal Fungis. Mycorrhizal associations are besides seen in dodo rec ord and are believed to be one of the lending factors that allowed early land workss to suppress the land around 450 million old ages ago. The symbioses between workss and mycorrhizae affect our ecological procedure in many intricate and elusive ways. And knowledge refering mycorrhizal Fungi has well helped us to progress in engineering that made possible the production of microbic inoculums. Those inoculums act as bio-fertilizers which significantly improved the endurance, growing and constitution of trees and harvests ( Baum & A ; Gruda, 2012 ) . We are able to bask the shadiness of oaks, decorate Christmas trees, and eat delightful blueberries all thanks to the benefits from the concealed universe of mycorrhizal Fungis, a universe that helps to prolong the endurance of about all of the earth’s land workss. Decision– Symbiosis is a alone relationship exhibited between two beings where they live together in a close association. The two beings would work together and exchange foods to guarantee each individual’s endurance. The mutualism between legume workss and Rhizobium provide us humans a important and yet low-cost beginning of protein. The mutualism between vascular workss and mycorrhizae has a enormous impact on the well-being of many ecological procedures due to the fact it supports the endurance of the earth’s huge land workss. We are able to bask many things in our life all thanks to symbiotic relationship amongst these microbic beings. I personally feel that many of us have gotten so busy with carry throughing our wonder towards outer infinite that we have forgotten to appreciate what are concealed underneath the land. Another philosophical takeout from composing this research paper is that I have learned the value of mutuality. None of us are born perfect, a nd it might be better if we can swear and trust on one another in society for endurance and to boom as people. For case, if I’m inadequate at making certain things, I can possibly inquire my friend to assist me out, and in exchange I can assist him or her with something that she is non good at. Therefore, I believe that by working together hand in glove and collaboratively, we can optimise our consequences and accomplish astonishing things that we otherwise would non be able to accomplish by ourselves entirely. Mentions Baum C. , EL-Tohamy W. & A ; Gruda N. ( 2012 ) . Increasing the productiveness and merchandise quality of vegetable harvests utilizing arbuscular mycorrhizal Fungi.Scientia Horticulturae,187, 131 – 141. Brady N. C. & A ; Weil R. R. ( 2010 ) .Elementss of the Nature and Properties of Soils, Third Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Ingham R. E. , Trofymow J.A. , Ingham E.R. & A ; Coleman D.C. ( 1985 ) . Interactions of Bacteria, Fungi, and their Nematode Grazers: Effectss on Nutrient Cycling and Plant Growth.Ecological Monographs,55,( 1 ) , 119-140. Lugtenberg J.J. B. , Weger A.L. & A ; Bennett J.W. ( 1991 ) . Microbial stimulation of works growing and protection from disease.Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 2, ( 3 ) , 457 – 464. Long R. S. ( 2004 ) . Rhizobium-legume nodulation: Life together in the resistance.Cell,56, ( 2 ) , 203-214. Peters J.W. , Fisher K. & A ; Dean D.R ( 1995 ) . Nitrogenase construction and map: a biochemical-genetic position.Annual Review of Microbiology, 49, 335-366. Smith S. E. , & A ; Read D. J ( 2008 ) .Mycorrhizal Symbiosis, Third Edition. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. U.S. Department of Agriculture’s ( 2015 ) .The Soil Phosphorous Problem. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //passel.unl.edu/pages/informationmodule.php? idinformationmodule=1130447043 & A ; topicorder=3 & A ; maxto=15 & A ; minto=1 U.S. Department of Agriculture’s ( 2015 ) .Nitrogen as a Food. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //passel.unl.edu/pages/informationmodule.php? idinformationmodule=1130447042 & A ; topicorder=2 & A ; maxto=8

Reflective Learning in Higher Education Free Essay Example, 2750 words

There was also one member of the group who never attended all research meetings, which were very informative for in-depth analysis of the topic. Since I attended most of the meetings, comparing this group with the others that I have been a member of made it clear that this one was uncooperative. Looking back at the events led me to the realization that the group members had the idea of probably expecting me to lead them. Perhaps I should have been keener on this development and take the leadership responsibility. I also felt at times that the team members did not follow my opinions and this frustrated my efforts and had to be addressed formally by one of the members. For example, I had the idea that we take the questionnaires to people working in private offices but this was shut down. After this was addressed, we realized that most employees in private offices gave us a lot of positive information with reference to the questionnaire. The lessons learned by engaging in this project have been very helpful since they have been a real eye-opener in many perspectives. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflective Learning in Higher Education or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Among others, the proposal piece was very enlightening and informative in nature and again working with deadlines helped in structuring our schedules in an organized manner. The main problem, which was the epicenter of the whole proposal, was coming up with a topic to dwell on. If one of the members never presented the idea that we eventually chose, we would have ended up engaging our study on a different brand of a leading innovation and creativity. Another thing is that our hypothesis was not clearly brought out because it looked like it was multidimensional and we had to narrow it down to specific factors. The hypothesis was dynamic initially because of the broadness and intensity of the topic of study that we had settled for. If this went on smoothly from the onset, I believe we could have finished the proposal way before the expiry of the deadline that almost caught up with us.